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Key date
1 December
World AIDS Day |
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49 Practical Activities and Methods for Human
Rights Education > Access to medicaments |
Access to medicaments
"A united global effort by concerned
citizens can make a difference"
Zackie Achmat, Treatment Action Campaign.
Themes |
Health, Globalisation,
Discrimination and Xenophobia
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Complexity |
Level 4 |
Group size |
16 - 40 |
Time |
190 minutes |
Overview |
This activity is a simulation of the 2001 "AIDS drug"
trial in South Africa. It addresses issues of:
- HIV/AIDS and access to medicines
- How to resolve conflicting claims to rights
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Related rights |
- The rights to life and dignity
- The right to property
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Objectives |
- To develop an understanding of the complexity of human
rights issues
- To compare different ways of decision-making (adversarial
approach, consensus approach)
- To develop skills of communication and co-operation
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Materials |
- Flipchart paper and pens
- Trial role cards
- Instructions for small group work, one per participant
- Small cards (10 cms by 6 cms). One red and one green
card per participant
- Space for plenary and small group work
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Preparation |
For part 1:
- Make copies of the trial role cards; you need one role
card per person
For part 2:
- Make copies of the instructions for small group work,
one per participant
- Make one red and one green card per participant.
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Instructions
This activity is in two parts. Part 1 is a simulation of the
trial and part 2 is a consensus-building phase.
Part 1. The trial (total time 65 minutes)
- Set the scene. HIV/AIDS is a very serious epidemic throughout
the world, but especially serious in Africa. It is a big issue
in South Africa where millions of poor people are suffering
and dying unnecessarily because they cannot afford the expensive
drugs they need. Their only alternative is to use cheaper copies
of the drugs. The leading pharmaceutical companies are against
this. They wish to protect their property rights and so they
have joined forces to prevent any State from copying and selling
their products at cheaper prices. They have started legal action
against the South African Government, which is distributing
and selling cheaper copies of the anti-HIV/AIDS drugs.
- Explain that participants will be involved in simulating
a trial that recently took place in South Africa over this issue.
The question is: Is the right to property a valid argument to
jeopardise the right to life and dignity of a group of people?
- Divide the participants into four equal groups to represent
Pharma Inc., the South African Government, members of the Treatment
Action Campaign (TAC) and Judges.
- Distribute the trial role cards to the appropriate groups.
- Give the groups 25 minutes to read their role cards and prepare
their cases and/or questions for the trial. Each group must
also select a spokesperson to represent the group and one or
two resource persons to back the spokesperson up and help answer
questions during the trial.
- Once each group is ready, invite people to come back into
plenary. They should remain in their four groups.
- Now Pharma Inc., the S.A. Government and TAC each have 5
minutes to present their positions and raise any questions.
The judges should introduce the groups in turn.
- The judges themselves now have 10 minutes to answer any questions
raised by the groups, and to summarise the different arguments
and positions.
Part 2. Consensus-building phase (total time 100 minutes)
- Ask participants to divide themselves into small groups,
each of 4 people. In each group there should be one former member
of Pharma Inc., one former member of the S.A. Government, one
former TAC group member and one former judge.
- Hand out the copies of the instructions for small groups.
Check that people understand what they have to do and how to
use the red and green cards. The groups have 30 minutes to try
to reach a consensus decision about how to resolve the conflicting
claims.
- Call everyone back into plenary and ask them to report back
on the results of their discussions. Give each group 5 minutes
to present their report. Note the main solutions and issues
on a flipchart.
- When all groups have reported their positions/solutions,
move on to a discussion about the decision-making process. You
could ask:
- How easy was it to reach a consensus?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of this approach?
- Was there a tension between trying to agree a solution
and trying to include all members of the group in
the decision?
- Which were the most burning issues?
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- You may like to end this phase of the activity by reading
out the following extract from the court's ruling on 19 April,
2001. "The purpose (...) to promote cheaper access to drugs
(...) is a commendable purpose, and, in the context of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic, a constitutional obligation of the highest order linked
to the duty of the State to respect, protect, promote and fulfil
a number of fundamental rights including the rights to human
dignity and life (held to be the source of all other rights)
(...) There is no merit to the (...) challenges to the Act made
by the applicants (i.e. pharmaceutical companies)."
Debriefing and evaluation |
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The evaluation will already have started
during the discussions in part 2. Now continue by encouraging
the participants to reflect on the overall process and then go
on to identify the key human rights issues behind the trial. Key
questions may include:
- Had participants heard about this case before?
- What were their initial assumptions?
- Did these assumptions change during the activity?
- How do people compare the two forms of decision-making process,
the adversarial and the consensus? Which produces the most satisfactory
results? How do you define what is a successful result?
- What were the key human rights issues behind the trial?
- How do these issues relate to the participants' own social
reality?
- What are the implications for people where you live?
Tips for facilitators
You need a long time for this activity because the issues are
complex and participants need to think deeply about them. You
should note that the two parts do not need to be run on the same
day; they can be done in two different sessions.
The purpose of using the red and green cards is to help people
be more aware of what helps and what hinders decision-making.
Ideally, at the end of the discussions and negotiations in part
2, all participants will show green cards and be able to agree
a shared solution.
In part 2, some groups may reach a consensus, others may not.
In the discussion, you should use the opportunity to explore the
strengths and weaknesses of a consensus approach to decision-making.
Ask those groups that did reach a consensus to report not only
their final position but also the main arguments behind it. Ask
those groups that did not reach a consensus to outline what brought
them closer, and what contributed to the divisions between them.
Note: you will find more information on consensus-building here.
It is important to check the actual situation of people in the
local community who live with HIV/AIDS, and to adapt/link the
activity to issues that concern them.
Note: The name of the coalition of pharmaceutical companies,
Pharma Inc. is made up for the purposes of this activity.
Suggestions for follow-up
Discuss aspects of the right to life and to human dignity in
your country in relation to health issues. In "Adaptation - integration - tolerance ... Examples from everyday life", C/15 of Alien 93 there is a dilemma about discrimination towards a seropositive young person in a sports club, which you may like to use as a starter for your discussions.
Inform yourselves about health and human rights issues globally.
Visit web sites of, or obtain publications from key NGOs (MSF,
TAC, Christian Aid) and international institutions (WHO). Find
out about actions that are being taken to promote health issues
and list them on a flipchart.
The TAC ran a very successful campaign. Unfortunately not all
campaigns achieve their goals. There may be many reasons for this,
but one may be poor organisation and ineffective publicity. The
group can explore these issues and develop their skills for effective
campaigning through the activity "Beware,
we are watching".
The tragedy of HIV/AIDS needs to be tackled at every level, and not least through individual action in every day situations. For example, what would you do if you witnessed someone discriminating or being discriminated against on the basis of HIV/AIDS? The group may like to look into how they would feel and how they would respond in such a situation. See the activity, "Sharing discrimination" in the all different all equal education pack.
Ideas for action
Find out who is promoting actions on health issues in your locality
and how you can contribute. |
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Further information
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This activity is based on
a case which came before the South African high court in
2001. The Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association of South
Africa prosecuted the president of the Republic of South
Africa, Nelson Mandela, and others including the Treatment
Action Campaign (TAC) for disregarding their patents on
HIV medicines and for importing cheaper, generic drugs to
treat the millions of citizens suffering from AIDS.
The judges had to balance the
different interests and rights of the two sides. On the
one hand the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association claimed
the right to property, equality or free choice of trade,
occupation and profession while, on the other hand, the
government and TAC claimed that it was the duty of the state
to respect, protect, promote and fulfil the fundamental
rights of human dignity and lives of its citizens.
In a historic judgement the
court concluded that the right to property was of a lower
order than the right to human dignity and life and should
therefore be limited. Subsequently the drug manufacturers
dropped their case. This was widely hailed as "a real
triumph of David over Goliath, not only for us here in South
Africa, but for people in many other developing countries
who are struggling for access to healthcare" (NGO joint
press release, 19 April 2001). "This is a rare and
very meaningful victory of the poor over powerful multinational
companies! But our challenge now is to work together with
drug producers and government to get medicines to those
who need them" (Kevin Watkins of Oxfam).
AIDS and globalisation trends
In rich countries, people living
with HIV/AIDS can live better and longer because of antiretroviral
drugs, which are provided by states for free. In Southern
countries, people affected by HIV suffer more and die earlier
because they have no access to HIV treatments. On average
the annual per-capita expense of their health care is around10$,
whereas the triple therapy, available to people in Northern
countries, costs between 10.000$ to 15.000$ a year.
Poverty, lack of education and
social inequality speed up the spread of the epidemic, but
the challenge is above all political, involving governments,
international bodies and pharmaceutical companies. In order
to be effective, the fight against AIDS needs to challenge
key international mechanisms and institutions. Foremost
of these are the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the
World Trade Organisation (WTO), TRIPS (Trade Related aspects
on Intellectual Property rights), GATS (General Agreement
on Trade and Services) and the Dispute Settlement Body,
which actually functions as the tribunal of the WTO. |
Handouts |
Trial role cards |
Trial role card: Pharma Inc.
You are a group of senior Pharma
Inc. executives. Your company is one of the world's leading
producers of pharmaceuticals. You have bought the rights
for the commercialisation of key HIV- and AIDS-related medicines.
You need to maintain your profit margin and to please your
shareholders. Thus you wish to protect the company's right
to set the selling price of your products, keeping in mind
the research costs, production costs, and the wages of your
work-force. To allow another company to simply copy and
sell your products at a lower price would jeopardise your
profit and the sustainability of your company. You have
therefore joined forces with other leading pharmaceutical
companies to prevent any State from allowing the copying
and selling of your products at cheaper prices, and to sue
them if necessary. You have started legal action against
the South African Government.
You should prepare your arguments
to defend your position. You will have five minutes to present
them during the trial. |
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Trial role
card: South African Government
You are senior officials in
the South African Government. Your government is trying
to respond to the request of the pharmaceutical companies
who have started legal action against you. Pharma Inc. is
trying to prevent any State from allowing the copying and
selling of their products at cheaper prices, that is, below
the retail price of their own products. In principle you
agree with Pharma Inc's. position.
However, popular movements,
led by the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), claim that it
is a constitutional obligation by the State to provide cheap
access to drugs, particularly in the context of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic. You have responded to popular political pressure
and have started to allow the import of cheaper (copied)
drugs from countries such as Indonesia.
You should prepare your arguments
to defend your position. You will have five minutes to present
them during the trial. |
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Trial role
card: Treatment Action Campaign (TAC)
You are a group of activists
representing the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), South
Africa. The Campaign claims that the State has the responsibility
to provide cheap access to drugs, particularly in the context
of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The government has responded and
has started importing cheaper drugs.
You also claim that it is the
responsibility of the State to make financial provisions
for patients and organisations struggling with HIV/AIDS
diseases.
However, the South African Government
has been brought to trial by pharmaceutical companies to
prevent any copying and selling of their products at cheaper
prices. Therefore, you have decided to join forces with
the government to defend the role of the State in providing
cheap access to drugs.
You should prepare your arguments
to defend your position. You will have five minutes to present
them during the trial. |
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Trial role card: Judges
You are the group of judges
who are presiding over the attempt by leading pharmaceutical
companies to prosecute the South African Government and
to prevent it from allowing the copying and selling of their
products at cheaper prices. Activists representing the Treatment
Action Campaign (TAC) are defending the government position.
Your role is to invite the three
parties in turn to present their respective positions. At
the end of the presentations you should not make a judgement
or come to conclusions. Your job is to help to clarify issues
and to summarise the arguments in support of the conflicting
claims.
The core of the problem is how
to resolve conflicting claims to human rights. The defence
(the government and TAC) claim the rights to life and dignity,
and the prosecution (Pharma Inc.) claim the right to property.
The official court records put it like this:
"The rights to life and
dignity are the most important of all human rights, and
the source of all other personal rights.By committing ourselves
to a society founded on the recognition of human rights,
we are required to value these two rights above all others.
And this must be demonstrated by the State in everything
that it does, including the way it punishes criminals."
Versus
"The right to property
is protected by section 25 of the South African Constitution
which states the following: "Property 25 (1): No one
may be deprived of property except in terms of law of general
application, and no law may permit arbitrary deprivation
of property".
You should prepare questions
to the three parties. You will have ten minutes to ask your
questions and listen to the answers. |
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Instructions
to the small groups for part 2
You are a group of four people, each one a representative
of one of the four parties:
- Pharma Inc.
- the South African Government
- activists representing the Treatment Action Campaign
(TAC)
- the group of the Judges in the cause initiated by the
leading pharmaceutical companies.
Instructions
- In turn, each person should identify themselves and
the party they represent, that is, the role they are playing.
- Next, each person should indicate their feelings about
the situation at the end of the trial. If they think that
it will be easy to find a solution, they should show a
green card, and if they think it will be difficult they
should show a red card.
- Now your task is to try to come to a satisfactory decision,
based on consensus among the four members. You should
take the discussion in rounds. The judge chairs the discussion
and presents his/her position last.
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Round one: state your position
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Round two: present your ideas for solution
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Round three: negotiate different solutions
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- Listen carefully to each other. At the end of each
contribution you should show your colour card to indicate
how you now feel about the prospects for reaching a satisfactory
solution.
- At the end of the consensus process, choose one person
to report the results back in plenary.
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